Život u prošlosti

[MancMellow]

tim rečima

Dobro sad, rekao je El Refiche Refiche, zayaba te suddia ischierro

[boshoku]

manč ima noge ko meša baždarević

[apostata]

taman sam mislio da sam zaboravio tu grozotu i sve mi se vratilo sada. da pisem knjigu o uzasima komunizma ove bih sandale upotrebio kao plitku metaforu za sapetost i cemer.

Ja stvarno ne znam o čemu vi to ...?Prve takve sandale ja sam dobio negdje krajem '70-tih iz Njemačke.

[Indy]

O tvojoj buducnosti ;)

I dalje ne znam o cemu je.

[mlatko]

o našoj sadašnjosti

[Indy]

svadba u Cerju Pokupskom, 50-te godine XX veka.kontrabas svira moj deda

o našoj sadašnjosti

Mislim da ti uredbom treba oduzeti montipajtonovski avatar, posto sa humorom ne delis istu planetu.

[mlatko]

Urgiraj. ovo nije Laugh tipic.A nije mi ni do sale danas, piskaram dakle postojim

[Roger Sanchez]

New York 1890's

[fragand]

nesto sam kopao pa naletehthe-miners-strikes-in-photos

[Otto Katz]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIotG2LSBWE

[Prospero]

December 25, 2013A Soviet Twelve Days of ChristmasPosted by Mikhail Iossel At my first post-college job, as an entry-level engineer in the Department of Submarine Screening / Demagnetization, at Leningrad’s Central Naval Electrotechnics Research Institute, I was paid a hundred and twenty rubles a month. In 1979-1981, to the best of my sporadic recollections, and with the aid of some perfunctory and doubtless imprecise online research, with a hundred and twenty rubles in a large Soviet city one could afford: 12,000 boxes of matches (50 matches per box), 12,000 glasses of carbonated water (no fruit syrup) from a street vending machine, 12,000 standard pencils, 12,000 slices of bread at a public cafeteria. 6,000 pay-phone calls. 4,000 glasses of carbonated water with fruit syrup (flavor indeterminable) from a street vending machine, 4,000 small (.25-litre) mugs of kvas (a popular drink) from a street vender, 4,000 copies of most Soviet daily newspapers (Pravda, Leningradskaya Pravda, Izvestiya, Soviet Sports, etc.), 4,000 streetcar rides, 4,000 glasses of tea (no sugar) at a cafeteria, 4,000 eraser-tipped standard pencils. 3000 trolleybus rides, 3,000 hot meat / cabbage / liver / potato / fish pirozhki from a street vender. 2,400 metro / bus / Ferris-wheel rides, 2,400 sprigs of dill / parsley from a street vender, 2,400 bubliks (a fresh-fried Russian bagel of sorts), 2,400 table-tennis balls, 2,400 tins of mint tooth powder, 2,400 glassfuls of sunflower seeds from a street vender. 2,000 large (.5-litre) mugs of kvas, 2,000 regular postcards, 2,000 meat patties (kotlety) at a cafeteria, 2,000 small tins of vitamin C. 1,710 paper cups of fruit ice cream, 1,710 buzz cuts at a barbershop, 1,710 portions of generic vegetable salad at a cafeteria, 1,710 standard-strength light bulbs. 1,500 pryaniki (hard honey cakes), 1,500 standard pocket-size notebooks, 1,500 glasses of birch-tree juice at a grocery-store counter. 1,333 paper cups of milk ice cream. 1,200 glasses of tomato juice a at grocery store, 1,200 kilos of salt, 1,200 boiled-sausage sandwiches at a cafeteria, 1,200 kilos of potatoes, 1,200 boxes of hot mustard plaster. 1,091 hot, large, open-faced meat pirozhki (belyashi) at a cafeteria, 1,091 copies of Literary Newspaper, 1,091 portions of chocolate ice cream on a stick (Eskimo). 1,000 kilos of carrots. 923 chicken eggs, 923 standard loaves of wheat (white) bread. 857 packs of cheap, unfiltered Prima cigarettes. 800 kilos of watermelon (in season; availability uncertain). 750 kilos of wheat flour, 750 triangular .5-litre milk packages, 750 large round loaves of rye (black) bread. 600 kilometres’ worth of cab rides within city limits. 545 packs of unfiltered Belomorkanal cigarettes (papirosy). 500 small (.25-litre) mugs of beer at a street-beer stand, 500 .5-litre bottles of vinegar. 480 loaves of high-grade white bread, 480 movie tickets, 480 packs of margarine, 430 .5-litre bottles of milk. 430 .33-litre bottles of Pepsi, 430 bars of imported soap. 400 soft packs of filtered cigarettes, Yava or Laika. 360 cans of anchovies in tomato sauce. 343 large (.5-litre) mugs of beer at a beer stand, 343 plastic hair combs, 343 packs of mid-level Bulgarian cigarettes, Rodopi or Aeroflot. 320 preset-menu three-course dinners at a cafeteria. 250 tulips at Kolkhoz market, 250 state-lottery tickets, 250 packs of high-end Bulgarian cigarettes, TU-154 or Opal. 219 cans of condensed milk. 170 pairs of scissors, 170 standard ballpoint pens. 167 3-litre jars of apple juice. 160 metal hair combs. 150 cast-iron frying pans, 150 packs of high-end BT cigarettes. 133 pairs of socks, 133 hand towels, 133 kilos of granulated sugar. 120 quality cafeteria dinners, 120 days of shared-room accommodations at Black Sea resorts (peak season). 118 bottles of Cabernet wine. 114 bottles of dessert red wine. 109 bottles of table white wine, 109 kilos of bananas (in theory; rarely available). 92 copies of either the first or the second part of the most popular Soviet English-language textbook (edited by N.A. Bonk). 86 kilos of oranges (in theory). 80 small (.25-litre) chekushka bottles of Moskovskaya vodka, 80 bottles of white vermouth, 80 months of home-phone bills (in theory; rarely paid). 73 bottles of sunflower oil. 71 kilos of Chainaya boiled sausage. 63 kilos of low-grade meat or chicken (so-called blue bird), 63 standard music records in paper sleeves from the state-run music company Melody. 50 bottles of Rkatsiteli white wine. 48 pairs of domestically manufactured swimsuits. 45 Fairytale cream cakes. 42 .5-litre bottles of Moskovskaya vodka (green label). 41 kilos of high-quality Doktorskaya boiled sausage. 40 kilos of quality cheese (Rossiisky, Dutch), 40 standard dinners at a restaurant, 40 pairs of made-in-China Keds, 40 new books, 40 pairs of imported underwear, 40 months’ worth of electricity bills (largely in theory), 40 leather soccer balls. 38 pairs of tracksuit pants, 38 bottles of domestic ersatz port 777. 33 bottles of Soviet champagne, 38 .5-litre bottles of Pshenichnaya vodka. 30 wooden chess sets. 29 bottles of three-star Soviet “cognac,” 29 bottles of Extra vodka. 28 aluminum frying pans. 24 irons. 18 feather-stuffed pillows, 18 bed sheets. 17 wooden chairs. 14 pairs of made-in-China summer sandals. 12 kilos of chocolate truffles, 12 Leningrad-Moscow train rides. 11 half-linen tablecloths. 10 wooden tennis rackets, 10 rabbit-fur winter hats, 10 months’ worth of apartment fees (in theory). 9 folding cots. 7 regular shirts. 6-7 Leningrad-Moscow flights. 6 inexpensive photo cameras (Smena). 5 flights to the Black Sea (Odessa, Simferopol). 4 pairs of Soviet-made dress shoes. 3 vacuum cleaners. 2 cheap bicycles. 1.8 Soviet-made suits. 0.8 Soviet fall coats. 0.67 flights to other end of the country (Vladivostok), .67 pairs of black-market jeans (if lucky). .6 cheap black-and-white TV sets. .4 cheap bicycles. .35 Vega record players. .3 Minsk, or comparable class, refrigerators. .27 portable Elektronika mini-TVs. .17 color TVs. .024 Moskvich-412 automobiles. .01-.0001 most other automobiles. Being young and carefree—well, obviously, priceless. Mikhail Iossel, the founder and executive director of the Summer Literary Seminars International programs and a professor of English at Concordia University in Montreal, is the author of “Every Hunter Wants to Know,” a collection of stories. Photograph: Sovfoto/UIG/Getty.

[Dr Arslanagić]

Halloween, LA, 1971

[Roger Sanchez]

 

What medieval Europe did with its teenagers

 

By William Kremer

 

BBC World Service

 

Today, there's often a perception that Asian children are given a hard time by their parents. But a few hundred years ago northern Europe took a particularly harsh line, sending children away to live and work in someone else's home. Not surprisingly, the children didn't always like it.

Around the year 1500, an assistant to the Venetian ambassador to England was struck by the strange attitude to parenting that he had encountered on his travels.

He wrote to his masters in Venice that the English kept their children at home "till the age of seven or nine at the utmost" but then "put them out, both males and females, to hard service in the houses of other people, binding them generally for another seven or nine years". The unfortunate children were sent away regardless of their class, "for everyone, however rich he may be, sends away his children into the houses of others, whilst he, in return, receives those of strangers into his own".

It was for the children's own good, he was told - but he suspected the English preferred having other people's children in the household because they could feed them less and work them harder.

His remarks shine a light on a system of child-rearing that operated across northern Europe in the medieval and early modern period. Many parents of all classes sent their children away from home to work as servants or apprentices - only a small minority went into the church or to university. They were not quite so young as the Venetian author suggests, though. According to Barbara Hanawalt at Ohio State University, the aristocracy did occasionally dispatch their offspring at the age of seven, but most parents waved goodbye to them at about 14.

Model letters and diaries in medieval schoolbooks indicate that leaving home was traumatic. "For all that was to me a pleasure when I was a child, from three years old to 10… while I was under my father and mother's keeping, be turned now to torments and pain," complains one boy in a letter given to pupils to translate into Latin. Illiterate servants had no means of communicating with their parents, and the difficulties of travel meant that even if children were only sent 20 miles (32 km) away they could feel completely isolated.

So why did this seemingly cruel system evolve? For the poor, there was an obvious financial incentive to rid the household of a mouth to feed. But parents did believe they were helping their children by sending them away, and the better off would save up to buy an apprenticeship. These typically lasted seven years, but they could go on for a decade. The longer the term, the cheaper it was - a sign that the Venetian visitor was correct to conclude that adolescents were a useful source of cheap labour for their masters. In 1350, the Black Death had reduced Europe's population by roughly half, so hired labour was expensive. The drop in the population, on the other hand, meant that food was cheap - so live-in labour made sense.

"There was a sense that your parents can teach you certain things, but you can learn other things and different things and more things if you get experience of being trained by someone else," says Jeremy Goldberg from the University of York.

Beaten into submission

Some insight into how such a boy or youth might be trained comes from the [14th Century] French hunting treatise La Chasse by Gaston count of Foix... A lord's huntsman is advised to choose a boy servant as young as seven or eight: one who is physically active and keen sighted. This boy should be beaten until he had a proper dread of failing to carry out his master's orders.

Source: "Medieval Children" by Nicholas Orme

 

Perhaps it was also a way for parents to get rid of unruly teenagers. According to social historian Shulamith Shahar, it was thought easier for strangers to raise children - a belief that had some currency even in parts of Italy. The 14th Century Florentine merchant Paolo of Certaldo advised: "If you have a son who does nothing good… deliver him at once into the hands of a merchant who will send him to another country. Or send him yourself to one of your close friends... Nothing else can be done. While he remains with you, he will not mend his ways."

Many adolescents were contractually obliged to behave. In 1396, a contract between a young apprentice named Thomas and a Northampton brazier called John Hyndlee was witnessed by the mayor. Hyndlee took on the formal role of guardian and promised to give Thomas food, teach him his craft and not punish him too severely for mistakes. For his part, Thomas promised not to leave without permission, steal, gamble, visit prostitutes or marry. If he broke the contract, the term of his apprenticeship would be doubled to 14 years.

A decade of celibacy was too much for many young men, and apprentices got a reputation for frequenting taverns and indulging in licentious behaviour. Perkyn, the protagonist of Chaucer's Cook's Tale, is an apprentice who is cast out after stealing from his master - he moves in with his friend and a prostitute. In 1517, the Mercers' guild complained that many of their apprentices "have greatly mysordered theymself", spending their masters' money on "harlotes… dyce, cardes and other unthrifty games".

In parts of Germany, Switzerland and Scandinavia, a level of sexual contact between men and women in their late teens and early twenties was sanctioned. Although these traditions - known as "bundling" and "night courting" - were only described in the 19th Century, historians believe they date back to the Middle Ages. "The girl stays at home and a male of her age comes and meets her," says Colin Heywood from the University of Nottingham. "He's allowed to stay the night with her. He can even get into bed with her. But neither of them are allowed to take their clothes off - they're not allowed to do much beyond a bit of petting." Variants on the tradition required men to sleep on top of the bed coverings or the other side of a wooden board that was placed down the centre of the bed to separate the youngsters. It was not expected that this would necessarily lead to betrothal or marriage.

To some extent, young people policed their own sexuality. "If a girl gets a reputation of being rather too easy, then she will find something unpleasant left outside her house so that the whole village knows that she has a bad reputation," says Heywood. Young people also expressed their opinion of the moral conduct of elders, in traditions known as charivari or "rough music". If they disapproved of a marriage - perhaps because the husband beat his wife or was hen-pecked, or there was a big disparity in ages - the couple would be publicly shamed. A gang would parade around carrying effigies of their victims, banging pots and pans, blowing trumpets and possibly pulling the fur of cats to make them shriek (the German word is Katzenmusik).

Hogarth's 1822 engraving "Hudibras Encounters the Skimmington" Hogarth's 1822 engraving "Hudibras Encounters the Skimmington" - an illustration of rough music

In France, Germany and Switzerland young people banded together in abbayes de jeunesse - "abbeys of misrule" - electing a "King of Youth" each year. "They came to the fore at a time like carnival, when the whole world was turned upside down," says Heywood. Unsurprisingly, things sometimes got out of hand. Philippe Aries describes how in Avignon the young people literally held the town to ransom on carnival day, since they "had the privilege of thrashing Jews and whores unless a ransom was paid".

Apprentices were sometimes abused by their masters

Among cases recorded by guilds in France was a boy who was beaten with a set of keys by a silversmith until he had head injuries, and a girl beaten so severely that she died

It is likely that girl apprentices were sometimes raped or prostituted, says Barbara Hanawalt

But the fact that masters were tried shows that parents followed up on mistreatment, and didn't completely abandon their children

Bequests from masters to their apprentices show that the relationship was often close

The skill of a medieval stonemason

In London, the different guilds divided into tribes and engaged in violent disputes. In 1339, fishmongers were involved in a series of major street battles with goldsmiths. But ironically, the apprentices with the worst reputation for violence belonged to the legal profession. These boys of the Bench had independent means and did not live under the watch of their masters. In the 15th and 16th Centuries, apprentice riots in London became more common, with the mob targeting foreigners including the Flemish and Lombards. On May Day in 1517, the call to riot was shouted out - "Prentices and clubs!" - and a night of looting and violence followed that shocked Tudor England.

By this time, the city was swelling with apprentices, and the adult population was finding them more difficult to control, says Barbara Hanawalt. As early death from infectious disease became rarer the apprentices faced a long wait to take over from their masters. "You've got quite a number of young men who are in apprenticeships who have got no hope of getting a workshop and a business of their own," says Jeremy Goldberg. "You've got numbers of somewhat disillusioned and disenfranchised young men, who may be predisposed to challenging authority, because they have nothing invested in it."

How different were the young men and women of the Middle Ages from today's adolescents? It's hard to judge from the available information, says Goldberg.

But many parents of 21st Century teenagers will nod their heads in recognition at St Bede's Eighth Century youths, who were "lean (even though they eat heartily), swift-footed, bold, irritable and active". They might also shed a tear over a rare collection of letters from the 16th Century, written by members of the Behaim family of Nuremberg and documented by Stephen Ozment. Michael Behaim was apprenticed to a merchant in Milan at the age of 12. In the 1520s, he wrote to his mother complaining that he wasn't being taught anything about trade or markets but was being made to sweep the floor. Perhaps more troubling for his parents, he also wrote about his fears of catching the plague.

Another Behaim boy towards the end of the 16th Century wrote to his parents from school. Fourteen-year-old Friedrich moaned about the food, asked for goods to be sent to keep up appearances with his peers, and wondered who would do his laundry. His mother sent three shirts in a sack, with the warning that "they may still be a bit damp so you should hang them over a window for a while". Full of good advice, like mothers today, she added: "Use the sack for your dirty washing."

[namenski]

Slobodno preduzetnistvo, mala privreda, slobodno ugovaranje razmene dobara i usluga, trzisna privreda, individualne slobode, sloboda raspolaganja sopstvenim telom, o ukusima se ne raspravlja...

 

[Roger Sanchez]

Jel ovo Alec Guiness priča sa statisticom?